Lumen 2018

“Gora Kalwaria,” from the highest elevation on which the Church of the Holy Cross stood [Polish: “gora” = mountain, EstJ] was used. The emblem of the city displayed an image of the cross with a pierced heart, the sun— a symbol of Christ, and a crescent moon— a symbol of the Mother of God. Until the time of the partitions, the town be- longed to the Diocese of Poznan and since 1798 — to the Diocese of Warsaw. 157 The new shrine of Christ’s Passion was built on the plan of the Latin cross whose arms were made up by two crossing streets. At their outlets, four churches with monasteries were built: the Church of the Holy Cross at Calvary, the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary at the opposite end of the street, the Church of the Na- tivity of the Lord at the outlet of the cross-street, and the church of the Dominicans on the opposite end. At the intersection of the two streets, on the so-called “Gorka” [in Polish: a small hill — EStJ], Pi- late’s Chapel was built in 1668, expanded in the years 1791-1879. 158 Beginning at this spot, various stone chapels were built on both sides of Kalwaryjska Street, which leads to the Church of the Holy Cross. The Calvary in Nowa Jerozolima had 40 stations, including 38 chapels, 4 gates, and several other objects modeled after certain holy places in Jerusalem. 159 Bishop Wierzbowski was very eager to make certain that only the right people would live near the newly constructed shrine. Therefore, in his foundation privilege, issued on January 1, 1672, he stated the following: “The (townspeople) will by no means shelter any suspi- cious people or those of a faith other than the Catholic faith, indeed, they will be careful not to allow any such people to settle there out of their own will. Above all else, they will avoid any revelry (with the exception of weddings which should be celebrated as modestly as possible) and vulgar music, because the Tombs of Our Redeemer and His Most Holy Mother are here.” The ban forbidding the Jews to settle here was very strictly enforced. The residents of the city re- ceived lots for the construction of their homes and were allowed to set up gardens, but they did not receive any arable land because they 293 Foundation of a New Religious Order